INTRODUCTION

 What is BIOTECHNOLOGY?

        Biotechnology is known as the use of artificial means to change the genetic material of live animals or cells to develop novel chemicals or perform new activities. It creates and manufactures biological medicines and products for patient care using live systems or molecular engineering. Large-molecule proteins, peptides, monoclonal antibodies, cell, tissue, and genetic treatments, liposomes, polymers, and molecularly designed vaccines are all major product categories.

        In this day and age, biotechnology has dramatically influenced research, health care, legislation, the regulatory environment, and the commercial world. Evens and Kaitin (2015) noted that over 260 innovative biotechnology products were authorized for over 230 indications during this time. In 2013, global sales of these goods surpassed $175 billion, sustaining a thriving life sciences industry with over 4,600 biotech businesses worldwide.

Glimpse of HISTORY

    Evens and Kaitin (2015) mentioned that pioneering biotechnology research might be dated back to the mid-1970s. However, the biotech sector as we know it today emerged in the 1980s, with scientific breakthroughs leading to biotech product commercialization. Historically, the majority of human illness treatments were small-molecule (chemical) pharmaceuticals produced by well-known pharmaceutical corporations. Small start-up biotechnology businesses started researching large-molecule (biologic) medications based on or created from biological tissue in the 1980s. If we talk about research and development (R&D) and product sales, biologics are currently a key focus of both pharmaceutical and biotech organizations. This industry is known as biopharmaceuticals. For recombinant DNA proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines, proof of principle for research and product development has been developed. Recombinant proteins were employed for the first time to cure severe debilitating illnesses including diabetes, anemia, and growth retardation—diseases caused by a protein deficit.

    Molnar and Gair (2015), in their book "Concepts of Biology - 1st Canadian Edition," claimed that since the dawn of agriculture, biotechnology had been utilized to improve animals and crops through selective breeding. Biotechnology has been synonymous with the molecular manipulation of organisms' DNA since the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953, and especially with the invention of tools and methods to manipulate DNA in the 1970s. Medicine (for the manufacturing of vaccines and medicines) and agriculture are the two main uses of this technology (for genetically modifying crops). Biotechnology offers a variety of industrial applications, including as fermentation, oil spill cleaning, and biofuel production, as well as a variety of home applications, such as the use of enzymes in laundry detergent.